See Illustration 5. For editorial cartoons, each citation should include as much as available of the following information in this format:

"Title of the Cartoon." Copyright Holder if NOT Facts On File News Services. (If it is Facts On File News Services do not include the Copyright Holder name.) Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, Year of publication. Web. Day Mo. Year of Access. <Record URL>.

Illustration 5. Editorial Cartoon from Issues & Controversies, showing elements of a citation.

Example:

Carlson. "Hybrid Vehicles: What Americans Want." uclick/Universal Press Syndicate. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2008. <http://www.2facts.com/article/ic000227>.

Most of the Almanac content comes from The World Almanac and Book of Facts. Each citation should include:

Author One Last Name, Author One First Name Author One Initial(s), and Author Two First Name Author Two Initial(s) Author Two Last Name (if any). "Title of Article." The World Almanac and Book of Facts. Year of print publication. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. Day Mo. Year of Access. <Record URL>.

Example:

Pearl, Nancy. "Special Feature: Traveling by the Book." The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/wfea85000>.

For Almanac content that does not originally come from The World Almanac and Book of Facts, the information for a citation includes:

Author One Last Name, Author One First Name, and Author Two First Name Author Two Last Name (if any). "Title of the Article." Almanac. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, Mo. Year of Electronic Publication (if any). Web. Day Mo. Year of Access. <Record URL>.

Example:

"King Tutankhamen: The Search for Answers." Almanac. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, Nov. 2007. Web. 22 June 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/wzcs00920>.

Most of the Encyclopedia content is from the World Almanac Encyclopedia. Citations for Encylopedia articles should include as much as available of the following information in this format:

Author One Last Name, Author One First Name Author One Initial(s), and Author Two First Name Author Two Initial(s) Author Two Last Name (if any). "Title of the Article." Encyclopedia. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, Day Mo. Year of Electronic Publication (if any). Web. Day Mo. Year of Access. <Record URL>.

Notes:

1. Author information is available for Encyclopedia articles that have clickable initials at the end of the main body of text. Click on the initials for the name and affiliation of the author or authors.
2. Other Encyclopedia articles do not require any author information to be included in the citation.

Examples:

Beck, James H. "Renaissance Art and Architecture." Encyclopedia. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/xre030800a>.

Wehmiller, John F., and Edwin B. Shykind. "Ocean and Oceanography." Encyclopedia. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/xoc004500a>.

"Kabul." Encyclopedia. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/xka000600a>.

"Global Warming Update (Special Report)." Encyclopedia. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/xn13920>.

• Web Site
• Newspaper or Magazine Article
• Dictionary Entry
• Book

For an article or section from a Web site, each citation should include as much as available of the following information in this format:

Author One Last Name, Author One First Name, and Author Two First Name Author Two Last Name. "Title of the Article or Section." Title of the Web site. Name of the Sponsoring Institution (the company or organization that hosts the site), Day Mo. Year of electronic publication. Web. Day Mo. Year of Access.

Note:

• The MLA advises supplying the full URL for a Web publication only if your readers are unlikely to be able to locate the source without it. The following examples do not include URLs. However, you should include a full URL if your instructor requires one. URLs that take more than one line should be broken after single or double slashes, without introducing a hyphen between lines.

Example:

Koinange, Jeff. "Alternative to Adoption Bleak for African Orphans." CNN.com. Cable News Network, 17 Oct. 2006. Web. 15 Apr. 2009.

For an entire Web site, each citation should include: as much as available of the following information in this format:

Title of the Web Site. Editor of the site (if any). Day Mo. Year of electronic publication or latest update. Name of the Sponsoring Institution (the company or organization that hosts the site). Web. Day Mo. Year of Access.

Example:

Death Penalty Information Center. 2006. Death Penalty Information Center. Web. 1 July 2009.

For a newspaper or magazine article, each citation should include:

Author One Last Name, Author One First Name, and Author Two First Name Author Two Last Name. "Title of the Article." Title of the Newspaper or Magazine. Publisher, Day Mo. Year of Publication. Web. Day Mo. Year of Access.

Examples:

Severson, Kim. "New York Gets Ready to Count Calories." New York Times New York Times, 13 Dec. 2006. Web. 15 Sept. 2008.

Stone, Brad. "Web of Risks." Newsweek. Newsweek, 21 Aug. 2006. Web. 15 Mar. 2009.

For a dictionary entry, each citation should include:

Author One Last Name, Author One First Name, and Author Two First Name Author Two Last Name. "Title of Dictionary Entry." Title of Dictionary. Name of the Sponsoring Institution (the company or organization that hosts the site), Day Mo. Year of electronic publication. Web. Day Month Year of Access.

Example:

"Copyright." Merriam-Webster OnLine. Merriam-Webster, 2008. Web. 1 July 2009.

For a book, each citation should include:

Author One Last Name, Author One First Name, and Author Two First Name Author Two Last Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication for original print version (if provided). Title of the Web Site. Name of the Sponsoring Institution (the company or organization that hosts the site), Day Mo. Year of publication. Web. Day Mo. Year of Access.

Example:

Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, 11 Mar. 2006. Web. 1 July 2009.

• Parenthetical References

If your teacher asks you to cite in MLA style, you should cite sources in the text of your paper as well as providing a Works Cited list. You should include a parenthetical reference in the text of your paper whenever you quote a source, paraphrase material, or use another author's idea. A parenthetical reference points the reader to the complete corresponding entry in your Works Cited list.

When you use a parenthetical reference, include the author's last name and the page number, if any, in parentheses. Example:

"To understand contemporary Haiti, it's really necessary to get a feel for its history" (Pearl).

This parenthetical reference corresponds to a complete entry in the Works Cited list:

Example:

Pearl, Nancy. "Special Feature: Traveling by the Book." The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007. World News Digest. Facts On File News Services, n.d. Web. 1 July 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/wfea85000>.

Try to keep parenthetical references as short as possible and remember to place them in a place where a pause would naturally occur, such as at the end of a sentence. Generally, you will not need to include page numbers for electronic sources.

If you give enough information in your sentence, you may not have to include a parenthetical reference. For example, if you stated:

According to Wadden, spending too much time in a heavily polluted area "can result in illness and even death."

and if there were only one "Wadden" entry in your Works Cited list, you would not need to include a parenthetical reference.

If you are citing more than one author with the same last name, include the first initial of the author to avoid confusion.

If you wish to cite more than one work by the same author, include the title (in full or a shortened version) after the author's last name.

The MLA recommends that you include the title (in full or a shortened version) in the text rather than in a parenthetical reference if possible.

Example:

In "Executive Pay," the author states that "during the early 1970s, the average CEO made approximately 40 times the salary of the typical factory worker."

If you cannot include the title in text, include the full or a shortened version of the title in parentheses.

Example:

"During the early 1970s, the average CEO made approximately 40 times the salary of the typical factory worker" ("Executive Pay").

For more information on preparing citations according to MLA style see www.mla.org/style or borrow the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) from your library.

In APA style, your bibliography is called "References." The list of references is arranged alphabetically by the author's last name. It should be included at the end of your paper. The instructions below are for citing material from Issues & Controversies and other electronic sources in APA style.

• Citing Sources from the Issues & Controversies Database
  • Issues & Controversies On File
  • By the Numbers and Sidebars
  • Interviews with Experts
  • Newspaper Editorials
  • Source Documents
  • Images: Photographs, Maps, and Charts
  • Editorial Cartoons
  • Almanac
  • Encyclopedia

• Citing Other Online Sources
• Citing in Text

See Illustration 1. For an article from Issues & Controversies On File, each citation should include:

The title of the article. (Year, Month Day of the issue date. If no date is listed, use the initials "n.d."). Issues & Controversies On File. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Issues & Controversies database.

Notes:

1. If no author is listed, list the article title first and then the publication date.
2. If an article is only available electronically, the title should be in italics. Most articles in Issues & Controversies are also available in print.
3. All words in an article title except the first word, words after a colon or dash, and proper nouns should begin with a lower-case letter.

Example:

Fast-food litigation. (2002, December 13). Issues & Controversies On File. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from Issues & Controversies database.

For a By the Numbers piece, each citation should include:

The title of the article. (Year, Month Day of the issue date. If no date is listed, use the initials "n.d."). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Issues & Controversies database.

Example:

By the Numbers: Elimination of the penny. (2006, November 3). Retrieved September 15, 2008, from Issues & Controversies database.

For a sidebar, each citation should include:

The title of the article. (Year, Month Day of the issue date. If no date is listed, use the initials "n.d."). Issues & Controversies On File. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Issues & Controversies database.

Example:

Compulsory voting in Australia (sidebar). (2004, July 16). Issues & Controversies On File. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from Issues & Controversies database.

Note:

• If the sidebar you wish to cite is a primary document—for example, a letter or a speech—see Source Documents for instructions on how to cite a primary document.

For an article from Interviews with Experts, each citation should include:

Last Name, Initials of the person interviewed. (Year, Month Day of interview. If no date is listed, use the initials "n.d."). [Interview with First Name Last Name of Interviewer, Description of Interviewer]. Title of interview. Issues & Controversies On File. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Issues & Controversies database.

Example:

Crawford, J. (2005). [Interview with the editor of Issues & Controversies On File]. Special interview: James Crawford speaks out in favor of bilingual education. Issues & Controversies On File. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from Issues & Controversies database.

Newspaper and magazine editorials accessed from Issues & Controversies are published in the World News Digest database. When you click on an editorial, it will appear in a separate window. Under the Issues & Controversies banner in that window is a source line identifying World News Digest. Scroll to the bottom of that window for citation instructions.

Many documents in Source Documents are primary documents. Read through the document, and then choose one of the following document types:

• Letters
• Speeches, Lectures, Addresses, or Readings
• Government Publications
  • Presidential Proclamations
  • Hearings
  • Federal Bills and Resolutions
  • United Nations Resolutions
• Legal Documents
  • Legislation
  • Court Decisions
  • Constitution of the United States

Notes:

1. Many source documents accessed from Issues & Controversies are published in the World News Digest database. When you click on a link to one of those documents, it appears in a separate window. Under the Issues & Controversies banner in that window is a source line identifying World News Digest. Scroll to the bottom of that window for citation instructions.
2. Any primary document from Facts On File World News Digest—whether excerpted or in full—is published electronically in the World News Digest database, not Issues & Controversies.
3. Primary documents published in Issues & Controversies do not appear in a separate window. Follow the citation instructions given here for those.
4. If the document you are citing is an excerpt or excerpts of the original primary document, add "Excerpted in" before the name of the database.

For a letter, each citation should include:

Last Name, Initials of Letter's Author or Name of the Group that published the letter. (Year, Month Day of Letter. If no publication date is listed use the letters "n.d."). Title of letter [Letter]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Name of Database database.

Example:

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. (2003, April). PETA's letter protesting the use of dolphins in war [Letter]. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from Issues & Controversies database.

For a speech, lecture, address, or reading, each citation should include:

Speaker's Last Name, Speaker's Initials. (Year, Month Day of the Speech). Title of speech. Type of Presentation presented at Location of Speech, City, State. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Name of Database database.

Note:

• Type of presentation can be a speech, lecture, address, or reading.

Example:

Chavez Frias, H. (2006, September 20). [Speech to United Nations General Assembly]. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from Issues & Controversies database.

• Hearings
• Federal Bills and Resolutions
• United Nations Resolutions

The APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation for certain government publications and legal documents, including material from a hearing. The following citation is in Bluebook style. For material from a hearing, each citation should include:

Entire subject-matter title, the bill number (if any) before the subcommittee name (if any), the committee name, the number of the Congress page number of the material being cited (if any) (Year of Publication), (statement of name of speaker, description of speaker), http://www.2facts.com (last modified Month [abbr. except May, June, and July] Day, Year OR last visited Month [abbr. except May, June, and July] Day, Year).

Example:

Oversight Hearing on Sections 203(b) and (d) of the USA Patriot Act and their Effect on Information Sharing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security, 109th Cong. (2005), (statement of Robert Mueller, Federal Bureau of Investigation director), http://www.2facts.com (last visited Dec. 15, 2006).

The APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation for certain government publications and legal documents, including federal bills and resolutions. Note: If a bill or resolution has been enacted, follow the rules for legislation.

The following citation is in Bluebook style. For a federal bill or resolution, each citation should include:

Name of the bill, Abbreviated Name of the House Number of the Bill, Number of the Congress, § Section Number (Year of Publication), http://www.2facts.com (last modified Month [abbr. except May, June, and July] Day, Year OR last visited Month [abbr. except May, June, and July] Day, Year).

Note:

• In the "Name of the House" element, use "S." for Senate and "H.R." for House of Representatives.

Example:

Bill Seeks to Make English Official Language of Anthem, S. 458, 109th Cong. (2006), http://www.2facts.com (last visited Dec. 15, 2006).

The APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation for certain government publications and legal documents, including United Nations resolutions. The following citation is in Bluebook style. For a United Nations resolution, each citation should include:

Resolution Number, Section of the United Nations that is issuing the resolution, number of session Sess., Supp. No. number of supplement containing the resolution, at page number. U.N. Doc. Number (Year of Resolution), http://www.2facts.com (last modified Month Day, Year OR last visited Month Day, Year).

Example:

S.C. Res. 748, U.N. SCOR, 47th Sess., U.N. Doc. S/RES/748 (1992), http://www.2facts.com (last visited Dec. 15, 2006).

• Legislation
• Court Decisions
• Constitution of the United States